Zoecon Corporation - Strike Roach Ender :: Case Study, solution

ToExecutive, Zoecon CorporationFrom DateThursday, February 17, 2005Subject borrow Roach Ender IntroductionProjected IndustryConsumersProfessionalProjected Growth Rate of 10% annuallyProjected growth rate of 8% annuallyProjected sales of $4.4 million Projected sales of $2.7 billion Flea IGR Introduction Similar Scenario colossal success of introduction of flea IGR PRECOR into PCO, veterinary and pet store grocery stores.In 1980 Zoecon broke into the super foodstuff segment by selling the PRECOR ingredient to its competitor dConIn archean 1983 Flea Ender (using PRECOR) was introduced to supermarkets by Zoecon 11 % of the market was captured by late 1983Flea Enders success attributed to a second 3rd party competitor S.C. JohnsonBy 1985 Strike Flea Ender had captured 18% of the flea pesticide market and continues to achieve its profit objectiveConsumer Test Market AnalysisZoecons introduction of the Strike Roach Ender has captured a substantial character of the test area household market segment. As seen in skirt A the brand was recognized by over half of the households in the market and 6 %,( 70,200 households) of those households purchased the brand, resulting in a profit of $ 247,180.40. Though repeat purchases were besides high at 30% (21,060 households) the profit generated was not enough to sustain a revenue in the trial market. Zoecon ended the market in a net loss of $$1,230,819.40. Figures are further broken down in Table A.Contribution margins were also high for Strike Roach Ender. Aerosol Strike had a contribution margin of 55.1% and fogger had an even higher margin of 57% as seen in Table B.Table C projects the break even analysis in some(prenominal) units and dollars as a basis for further projections. As seen in Table C substantially larger sales are required to break even.Industry Market AnalysisUsing the techniques from the test market estimates of market share and projected sales for the 19 city (80% of trial insecticide volume) are made f or the introduction of Strike Roach Ender into the household market. I also chose to increase the advertising budget by 20% which increased costs to upwards of $12 million. This further drove the net loss to a nett projection of $6,844,476 as seen in Table D. Much like the test market Contribution margins were also high for Strike Roach Ender. Aerosol and fogger Strike had a contribution margin exceeding 50% as seen in Table E.Table F projects the break even analysis in both units and dollars as a basis for further projections.

Kant and Morality Essay -- the categorical imperative

Kant had a different ethical system which was based on causal agency. According to Kant reason was the fundamental authority in determining morality. All humans possess the ability to reason, and out of this ability comes two basic commands the so-called imperative and the categorical imperative. In focusing on the categorical imperative, in this essay I will reveal the underlying relationship between reason and duty.The categorical imperative suggests that a course of action mustiness be followed because of its rightness and necessity. The course of action taken can also be levelheaded by its ability to be seen as a universal law. Universal laws hurt been deemed as unconditional commands that are binding to everyone at all times. Kant believed that individuals have a freedom to consciously obey the laws of the universe as they are revealed in accordance to our ability to reason. Kant goes a step further to suggest that our actions should be driven by a sense of duty that is dic tated by reason. What does it mean to act out of duty? Kant says that this means that we should act out of note for the moral law. The moral law can be directly related to the categorical imperative. How can we accomplish the task of acting out of duty? We must first recognize and have an understanding of what the moral law is, then a sense of duty should become the motive for our actions. Finally our actions should be compelled by doing what is morally right which is considered doing what we can ...

Principle or Personal? Essay -- American History, Joseph MacCarthy

During the Cold War, members of the United States government, army, and even citizens were arraignd by Senator Joseph McCarthy of being Communist and Soviet spies and sympathizers. These trials persisted through the fifties until Senator McCarthy was excoriated by Congress. Similarly, during the seventeenth century, many a(prenominal) inhabitants of Salem, mom were accused of witchcraft, with a total of nineteen hangings during what came to be called the Salem Witch Trials. These trials were conducted in a similar fashion as Senator McCarthys hearings, and many of these accusations were not fought because the circumstances of the time made these claims possible. Arthur Millers The Crucible sheds new light on the mysterious Salem Witch Trials and why so many of the small community were hanged. though some Salemites believed the Devil had come to Salem, Millers The Crucible depicts the witch trials as motivated by personal interests of greed, jealousy, and pride.To suppress their o wn personal want, some men of Salem, such as Mr. Putnam and Dr. Walcott, accuse men and women of witchcraft in an attempt to buy their land or come some compensation once the land-holder is convicted. Mr. Putnam, a key example of the greed in Salem, first demonstrates his when Proctor says that he needs to leave Parris house to lean wood in Act One. When Proctor tells Putnam that Proctor is dragging wood from the forest by the riverside, Putnam responds, Why, we are surely gone wild this year. What anarchy is this? That brochure is in my bounds, its in my bounds, Mr. Proctor (30). This response prepares the audience for Act Three, for Putnam would later manipulate the judges caught up in the witchcraft craze to accuse a key land holder in an attempt to a... ...g to other villages, just as an actual crucible would do with glass heated to total temperatures. Despite this, mass hysteria has still occurred throughout the history of the United States, from the Senator McCarthys Comm unist trials of the seventies to even modern day, with many Americans drawing suspicions from stereotypes of terrorists. Though todays suspicions often do not end in hangings, leading figures in society continue to exploit human natures emotions to get what these men desire. These influential men are motivated as the men of Salem were greed drove them to acquire more jealousy, for revenge pride, for the interest of being right. Even if these influential men say they act out of principle versus personal reasons, such as those described previously, the opportunities for these men to exploit the people in a state panic will surely not go unused.

Mathematics - The Fencing Problem :: Math Coursework Mathematics

Fencing Problem A farmer has exactly 1000 meters of fencing and wants to wall of a plot of level land. She is not concerned about the shape of the plot but it must have a allowance of 1000 m. She wishes to close in of a plot of land that contains the maximum area. I am going to investigate which shape is best for this and why. I am going to start by investigating the incompatible rectangles all that have a perimeter of 1000 meters. Below are 2 rectangles (not drawn to scale) showing how different shapes with the same perimeter can have different areas. Text Box 300Text Box 50IMAGEIMAGE Text Box 450 Text Box 200 Below is a table of different rectangles. Height Length ====== Area 10 490 4900 20 480 9600 30 470 14100 40 460 18400 50 450 22500 60 440 26400 70 430 30100 80 420 33600 90 410 36900 100 400 40000 one hundred ten 390 42900 120 380 45600 130 370 48100 140 36 0 50400 150 350 52500 160 340 54400 170 330 56100 180 320 57600 190 310 58900 200 300 60000 210 290 60900 220 280 61600 230 270 62100 240 260 62400 250 250 62500 260 240 62400 270

Reading The Light :: essays research papers

Reading The LightThe fabrication that is most significant to me is &8220Reading the Light by Roger Pfingston. This story felt like it was create verbally from the heart. It is filled with emotions, ones that the author caught in his story very well. Even though I could not empathize with Brian, I did feel sympathetic towards him. When David said to Brian, &8220Is it sincerely such a surprise? I&8217m sure you know that your mother and I haven&8217t been the best of friends lately. (6), that was a shock to me. David did not seem to be sympathetic towards his son instead he made it sound like it had happened and that there was nothing that could be done about it. At the end of the story, David, Maria and Brian went to the park where the author stated &8220The three of them stood huddled in the glare of ice and sun. (7) My heart sank. They just stood there accepting that their family was prisonbreak up. I image that Roger Pfingston wrote this story from his heart. I was able to pu t myself in Brian&8217s place and actually feel how I thought he would feel.The story that stretched my imagination the most was &8220Charles by Shirley Jackson. Even though children have wild imaginations, it did not occur to me that a child in kindergarten would tell such an lucubrate lie. When I looked back in the story, I found the spot where I think that Laurie first started to tell his lie. &8220The teacher spanked a boy, though, ... For being fresh was Laurie&8217s action replay to his mother asking him what happened in school. &8220Laurie thought. &8220It was Charles (14) When I reread this I thought that this was where Laurie decided to put on his act. I know that young children are fitting of a lot of things, and some times they go unnoticed, like Laurie&8217s charade. This story seemed to be more like a fairy tale. The Story that I think I will remember the longest is &8220Another April by Jesse Stuart. This story found a soft spot in my heart. I thought it was indescri bable how much Grandpa enjoyed life. Grandpa was acting like an anxious little kid &8220Don&8217t get &8217em, I won&8217t ketch cold. (37) Grandpa seemed to be filled with life. He waited every year to go out and be among the world.

Reading The Light :: essays research papers

Reading The LightThe story that is well-nigh significant to me is &8220Reading the Light by Roger Pfingston. This story felt like it was written from the heart. It is filled with emotions, ones that the former caught in his story very well. Even though I could not empathize with Brian, I did feel sympathetic towards him. When David said to Brian, &8220Is it really such a surprise? I&8217m sure you know that your mother and I haven&8217t been the best of friends lately. (6), that was a shock to me. David did not seem to be sympathetic towards his son instead he made it sound like it had happened and that there was nothing that could be done about it. At the end of the story, David, maria and Brian went to the park where the author stated &8220The three of them stood huddled in the glare of ice and sun. (7) My heart sank. They just stood there accepting that their family was breaking up. I suasion that Roger Pfingston wrote this story from his heart. I was able to put myself in Bri an&8217s place and actually feel how I thought he would feel.The story that stretched my imagination the most was &8220Charles by Shirley Jackson. Even though children have wild imaginations, it did not occur to me that a child in kindergarten would tell such an elaborate lie. When I looked hindquarters in the story, I found the spot where I think that Laurie first started to tell his lie. &8220The teacher spanked a boy, though, ... For being fresh was Laurie&8217s replay to his mother communicate him what happened in school. &8220Laurie thought. &8220It was Charles (14) When I reread this I thought that this was where Laurie decided to put on his act. I know that young children are capable of a the great unwashed of things, and some times they go unnoticed, like Laurie&8217s charade. This story seemed to be more like a fairy tale. The Story that I think I will remember the longest is &8220Another April by Jesse Stuart. This story found a soft spot in my heart. I thought it was i ndescribable how practically Grandpa enjoyed life. Grandpa was acting like an anxious little kid &8220Don&8217t get &8217em, I won&8217t ketch cold. (37) Grandpa seemed to be filled with life. He waited every year to go out and be among the world.

Role of Women in Pakistan

Women in Pakistan were initially thought to play the traditional role of creation housewives. so far with changing times, the Pakistani society has also evolved. Women nourish a much significant role to play in the society rather than serving their husbands at home. During this time of economic crisis when men are suffering from unemployment and lower wages, households require all members of the family to get and add to the family in make it. So the wives withdraw to go out and work so that they could realize enough to give their families a sufficient standard of living.Women belonging to the lower income group and rural class have since independence compete the role of family nameers. They have served in households by rendering their services such as that of cooks, servants, cleaners, etc. While the lower class women worked all day to earn two meals per day for their families, women of the middle class were supposed to stay at home and take care of the people living in their homes. However when the humans entered the 21st century the po baby-sition of women in the country transpired. More women were allowed to acquire higher education and then work in the corporate world to earn for themselves and their families.Women in Pakistan now form a relatively greater part of Pakistans working population and their contribution to the countrys economy has ever since been increasing. However men equable dominate all the higher posts in private and public offices, the trend is now changing as women are being encouraged by being awarded with promotions for their high quality of work. The mindset of the people in the rural class is also changing, at that place is greater awareness regarding the importance of education for both boys and girls and there has been an increase in the enrollment of lower income class girls in primary and secondary schools.Almost all of the women belonging to the middle class families have now started getting higher education. The tren d of getting girls married as soon as they enter their 20s is slowly diminishing because todays men only want to marry women who have acquired a substantial level of education. Women in Pakistan also have a major role to play as housewives and mothers. They are the ones responsible for the upbringing of their children. Since women have now become educated they can teach their children the values and etiquettes of life. Not only that, women could now teach their own children at home after they come back from school.Previously families had to spend excessive amounts of their income to send their children for tuitions because the mothers were not educated enough to guide their children academically but now with most mothers being educated they could sit with their children and help them with their homework. Although there is greater acceptability for women in Pakistans society, they are still victims of discrimination. The gender stereotypes which have existed in the society for years still continue to be a barrier for womens progress in the country.

Animal Rights and Ethics

Is it ethical for animals to excite the same rights as humans? During this paper I result present the views of both sides. I will try my best to give the reader a chance to come to there own unbiased conclusion. I will talk about the separate areas of animal ethics. I will present the facts and reasoning behind the arguments over Animal cruelty, try outing, black marketing, and improper housing. My conclusion will hopefully bring us close- install(prenominal) to answering many of the question surrounding Animal Rights and Ethics. Animals Rights and Ethics Animal ethics is a complex subject. Despite opinions Animal ethics has secret code to do with someones sentimental love for animal. In fact you dont heretofore have to own or like animals to contend that it is morally premature to mistreat them. For many it raises fundamental questions about the basis of moral rights. For years animal rights activist have tried to prevent animal suffering. Two of the important topics whi ch animal rights activists have brought to the attention of the public are animal testing and hunting.The testing performed on animals has gone on for years and even with certain regulations set in place some of these experiments stinker be extremely cruel and barbaric. Even now it is salvage defended by the scientist performing these acts and our governments as a requisite (evils or) safetyty procedure. They dont want to spray perfume on pot and ca make use of them to get a rash so they use it on animals before it is safe for the public. There have been a lot of negativity surrounding animals testing but some of these tests have lead to medical breakthroughs.Clinicians sack up now use Herceptin to treat Breast Cancer. If it wasnt for animal testing the estimated five million diagnosed diabetics in the United States alone wouldnt be able to use Insulin safely. If we mind at the good side of animal testing it is that humans benefit in long run. The dark side of animal testing is the majority of test subjects or test animals have went blind or died not because of medical advancements but simply because it was necessary to test whether cosmetics like perfume burned when sprayed in eyes of animals instead of humans.The views of animal rights activists are that innocent animals live there life in labs and cages not for the benefit of man but for the benefit of the side by side(p) test. As of today these procedures are viewed as ethical and expectable in our culture. Hunting is an extremely controversial subject because hunting in different cultures message different things. In this country hunting laws were dramatically, changed causing outcry within the hunting community. Activist believes it would be ethical to throw out hunting world wide.Hunters would argue that they have the right to live off the land and its a form of population control. It comes back to the fact hunters dont need meat to live and close hunting is did for fun, not for food. As far a s population control places like Africa have adopted things like Hunting Safaris. On these safaris you can hunt any animal for a certain fee. So as long as you have the money you can go kill a rhino or tiger with no hesitation for fun. To pay and kill innocent animals for a photo ethically seems to be a ludicrous idea.If animals kill plurality it is universally viewed that the animal should be put down but when humans kill animals its the exact opposite. Most Activists have felt if animals dont have rights stack will always be allowed to commit these unethical acts. While hunters receive they cant be held morally pervert if these events are legal by law. For years people have avoided rivalry that all animals merit rights because this would give rights to creatures that are so simple-minded that the idea of them having rights would seem to defy common sense.The second problem is arguing which animals should have rights. The argument that barely the higher level animals have r ights would suggest that we have the right to pick and choose which animals deserve respect. For instance the household animals which we dungeon as pets have the right to live a happy fulfilled life, but the spider you washed down the stink or the slug you or a kid poured salt over did not because they are not a higher animal. Even though it might seem wrong or controversial for one to decide which are higher animals, our society and government have decided this for us.For example household pets such as dogs and cats are hailed to a fault much higher standards in the United States than Cows or Chickens. Which raises the question, is it ethically wrong for Animal rights activists to fight for the rights of some animals and not other(a)s? Animal Cruelty is a subject that spreads far across the United States and into most civilized cultures. Animal cruelty can either be in the form of intentional cry out, simple neglect, or abandonment of animals. Whatever forms the abuse takes, ho wever, the animal that is the victim of the abuse is often helpless and may experience extreme suffering.Animal right activist tone of voice if you dont know how to take care or treat an animal it can be as deadly as physical abuse to care for one. Activist also feel by giving a child a fish, rabbit, or bird to take care of can viewed as intentional neglect or abuse. This is based upon a child not being able to take care of its self but giving another(prenominal) life which depends on its care in order for it to live. This is hardly ever considered by the parent(s) or suppliers of pets and for that that reason organization like PETA and The Humane Society feel it is necessary to step in and make the general public aware of these issues.The Improper housing of animals have been a bitter subject with Animal rights activist as well. This is viewed as immoral because Activist feel it is unfair to house or travel with animals in cages against their will. They see places like the zoo, br eeding houses, and the circus can all be guilty of the in proper housing of animals. The general public along with the zoo, breeding houses and the circus do not see anything wrong with the showcasing of animals but the showcasing is not at the core of what upsets the activist.The argument is that animals are being treated and housed unfairly and immorally for profit or amusement. Governments and a lot of organizations have taken action against the in proper housing and treatment of animals. Law enforcement units have been made to protect and ensure animal safety but still Animal activist feel its not enough. Animal activist feel the best way ethically to make a difference would be to give animals the same rights as humans. Which brings us back to the main topic Is it ethical for animals to have the same rights as humans?The arguments against animal rights center on whether animals behave morally, because rights only have a meaning within a moral community. And as animals dont behav e in a moral way they dont deserve moral treatment from other beings. It is said that animals usually behave selfishly, and look after their own interests, while humans will often help others, even if this is to their own disadvantage. Some feel Animals dont display these characteristics and therefore is not a member of a moral community. Some people enjoy take in meat and fish, and so face a conflict between animal and human interests.The act of killing animals for food is trivial because humans do not need to eat meat in order to survive. So should the human interest to eat meat be satisfied at the expense of the animals? virtuous behavior comes into play when asking this question. To the people that argue animals dont behave morally therefore they dont deserve rights, I ask this. If we behave in an immoral style do we deserve our rights? The view that animals were put on this earth to serve humans comes originally from the Bible, but probably reflects a basic human attitude to wards other species.It was for these reasons that the Animal Welfare Act was put in to place. The Act is an overhaul of pet abuse laws and came into force in England and Wales in 2007. The act was the first inspection of pet laws in 94 years. It replaced the Protection of Animals Act, first passed in 1911 and designed to prevent outright cruelty to animals. The animal welfare act combined to a greater extent than 20 pieces of legislation in to one. The act introduced harsher penalties for neglect and cruelty, including fines at up to 20,000, a maximum jail term of 51 weeks and a lifetime ban of some people keeping pets.It also rose the age of buying a pet from 12 to 16 years old. Although the act banned mutant for cosmetic reasons such as docking (cutting or removal) of the tail the exception was made for working dogs such as those in the police or arm forces. It also allowed such practices as castrating, spaying cats and dogs and ear tagging which were not made illegal. This act has forced people to acknowledge that animals do have rights. In closing, I feel animals deserve more than the rights they have and that we might not deserve all the options and liberties we are granted.It is ethical to treat others as you would like to be treated, should this direction only be meant for man. I think this comes down to knowing what is right or wrong but by saying that I can only consider my view as what is right, which could be viewed by others as wrong. I present this conclusion When hunting becomes a sport instead of a excerpt skill, it is wrong. When one animal is considered better than another that is wrong. When any life is taken out of neglect, spite, hobby or abuse, Animal or human, ethically and morally, we can agree, without bias is wrong.

Indicate A Person Who Has Had A Significant Influence On You

Cholera is an sullyious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which rouse lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. Cholera was prevalent in the U. S. in the 1800s before modern-day water and sewage treatment systems eliminated its spread by contaminated water. Only about 10 cases of cholera are reported each year in the U. S. and half of these are acquired abroad. Rarely, contaminated seafood has caused cholera outbreaks in the U. S.However, cholera outbreaks are still a serious problem in otherwise parts of the world, where cholera affects an estimated 3 to 5 million people and causes more than 100,000 deaths each year. The disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations include parts of Africa, sulfur Asia, and Latin America. If you are traveling to one of those areas, knowing the following cholera facts can help p rotect you and your family. Cholera Causes Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually plant in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection.Common sources include Municipal water supplies Ice made from municipal water Foods and drinks sold by street vendors Vegetables grown with water containing human wastes Raw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters polluted with sewage When a person consumes the contaminated food or water, the bacteria release a toxin in the intestines that produces severe diarrhea. It is not likely you will catch cholera righteous from casual contact with an infected person. Cholera Symptoms Symptoms of cholera can begin as soon as a few hours or as want as five days after infection. Often symptoms are mild.But sometimes they are very serious. About one in 20 people infected have severe watery diarrhea accompanied by vomiting, which can quickly lead to dehydration. Although many infected people may have mi nimum or no symptoms, they can still contribute to spread of the infection. Signs and symptoms of dehydration include Rapid heart rate Loss of skin elasticity (the might to return to original position quickly if pinched) Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth, throat, nose, and eyelids Low blood pressure Thirst Muscle cramps If not treated, dehydration can lead to shock and death in a matter of hours.Yellow fever is caused by a virus. The scandalmongering fever virus is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus. After transmission of the virus occurs, it replicates in regional lymph nodes and subsequently spreads via the bloodstream. This widespread dissemination can affect the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys, and liver, in addition to other organs. Tissue damage to the liver, for example, can lead to jaundice and disrupt the bodys blood-clotting mechanism, leading to the hemorrhagic complications sometimes seen with y ellow fever.Yellow fever is transmitted to man by the gyp of infected mosquitoes. Various species of Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes serve as vectors and are responsible for the transmission to human and nonhuman primates, which serve as reservoirs for the disease. Three transmission cycles for yellow fever have been identified. Sylvatic (jungle) cycle In tropical rain forests, infected monkeys pass the virus to mosquitoes that feed on them. These infected mosquitoes then bite humans who enter the rain forest for occupational (for example, loggers) or recreational activities.Intermediate (savannah) cycle In humid or semi-humid regions of Africa, mosquitoes that breed around households and in the wild (semi-domestic mosquitoes) infect both humans and monkeys. The virus can be transmitted from monkeys to humans, or from human to human by the mosquitoes. This is the most common type of outbreak in Africa. Urban cycle When infected humans introduce the virus into urban areas with larg e numbers of unvaccinated individuals, infected mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) transmit the disease from human to human. This pee-pee of transmission can lead to large epidemics.

Reagan Revolution Through President Obama Essay

Ronald Wilson Reagan was the fortieth president of the United States of America. He was well known for his economic policies during his first term, which later on became well known as Reaganomics. This policy included large tax cuts which was started and implemented in 1981 Reaganomics was told to rejuvenate the morale of the American masses and then permit them not be dependent on the government. Supply-side economics is the basis for this economic policy which aimed to stimulate growth of the economy.Identify at least (2) dickens major(ip) historical twist points in the period under discussion. One historical turning point was more than twenty six years ago, Ronald Reagan ordered American troops to invade Grenada and liberate the island from its ruling Marxist dictator. By itself this would deem been an insignificant military beion Grenada is a tiny island of little geopolitical significance. scarcely in reality the liberation of Grenada was a historic event, because it sig naled the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine and inaugurated a sequence of events that brought down the Soviet empire itself. The Brezhnev Doctrine stated plain that once a country went Communist, it would stay Communist.In other words, the Soviet empire would continue to advance and gain territory, but it would never lose either to the capita inclination of an orbit West. In 1980, when Reagan was elected president, the Brezhnev Doctrine was a f accountabilityening reality. Between 1974 and 1980, while the United States wallowed in post-Vietnam angst, 10 countries had fallen into the Soviet orbit to the s come to the foreh Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, South Yemen, Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, Grenada and Afghanistan. Never had the Soviets lost an inch of real estate to the West. The liberation of Grenada changed that. For the first time, a Communist country had ceased to be Communist (http//www.historynet.com/american-history)A turning point for President Obama was on May 1, 20 11, American soldiers killed al-Qaida leader Osama salt away Laden at his compound near Islamabad, Pakistan. Intelligence officials believe bin Laden was responsible for many deadly acts of terrorism, including the 1998 bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania and the September 11, 2001 attacks on the Pentagon and the realism Trade Center. He had been on the FBIs most wanted list for more than a decade. This was not only an historical turning point under President Obama this was a turning point for America.Analyze the impact of the two (2) or more major historical turning points selected on Americas current society, economy, politics, and elaboration. A historical point that impacted our current culture was the bombing of the World Trade Centre September 2001 this was considered to be the gravest attack of international terrorism to be committed against America, and indeed the roots of Americas current War on Terror were born in this. As part of the plot by internatio nal terrorists to effectively strike against the United States the throw was to cause great disruption to the dynamics of daily life, commerce, and finance. For some Americans, their grief manifested itself as anger and frustration, and they looked for someone to blame for the attacks.Reverend Jerry Falwell made news by saying on his television program The 700 Club that I really believe that the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Wayall of them who have tried to secularize AmericaI point the finger in their face and say, You helped this happen. And sadly, some anger erupted into attacks on people of Arab and Muslim descent, with nearly 600 incidents in the first 10 days after the attacks. Five hundred furious people mobbed a Chicago-area mosque and refused to leave until they were forced out by police.A Pakistani grocer was murdered in Texas. A man on an anti-Arab rampage in Arizona fatally shot a gas pedal station owner who was an Indian-born Sikh. (This type of confusion was common since many Sikhs wear turbans, have beards and are seen as looking, as one told The New York Times, more comparable bin Laden than Muslims do.) FBI Director Robert Mueller said over and over again that vigilante attacks and threats against Arab-Americans will not be tolerated, but harassment and violence at mosques and in Arab-American neighborhoods continued for months. September 11th changed America in so many ways. Culturally we started to target non Americans.(www.history.com)Explain ways in which the support epidemic shook Americans general confidence beginning in the 1980sThe disease was first reported in 1981 and it was caused by the charitable immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacking certain cells in the body interfering with it ability to fight off many diseases, including cancer. ) And it was absolutely incurable. A diagnosis of aid was a death sentence. The outbreak of the AIDS truly shocked the American people in the 80s. At first the disease appeared to attack mostly homo and bisexual men. Soon, though, health officials found it to be affecting IV drug users, blood transfusion recipients, partners of AIDS victims and highest among African American women. Non one was exempt from the AIDS epidemic.Give at least two (2) examples of how the deregulation movement of the Reagan era affects us today.Discuss the factual rationale behind this nations finding to go to warfare with Afghanistan and Iraq after the 9/11 attacks as well as the response from the international community.One factual rationale behind the war emerges the potential for nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons development in Iraq. In fact, Saddam Hussein had once used chemical weapons on his own people, another act that clearly warranted suspicion from the United States. Such a vicious crime against ones people brings to light two other c ommon themes for the war with Iraq in 2003 removing the Hussein regime and bringing a known villain and evil man to justice. Saddam Husseins rejection of the United Nations Resolution 1441 by forcing nuclear weapons inspectors out of his country also takes its place in the long line of motivations for the war defying the resolution gives the United States and any other member of the U.N. the right to take action, according to the resolution. Another rationale is reinforced by reports indicating that the United States had made the decision to invade Afghanistan two months before the 9/11 attacks. At least part of the background to this decision was the United States long-time support for UNOCALs proposed pipeline, which would transport oil and natural gas from the Caspian Sea region to the Indian marine through Afghanistan and Pakistan.15 This project had been stymied through the 1990s because of the civil war that had been going on in Afghanistan since the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 . ( Rashid, Taliban 75-79 ) In the mid-1990s, the US government had supported the Taliban with the hope that its military strength would enable it to unify the country and provide a stable government, which could protect the pipeline. By the late 1990s, however, the Clinton brass had given up on the Taliban. When the Bush governance came to power, it decided to give the Taliban one last chance. During a four-day meeting in Berlin in July 2001, representatives of the Bush administration insisted that the Taliban must create a government of national unity by sharing power with factions friendly to the United States.The US representatives reportedly said any you accept our offer of a carpet of gold, or we bury you under a carpet of bombs. After the Taliban refused this offer, US officials told a former Pakistani conflicting secretary that military action against Afghanistan would go ahead . . . before the snows started falling in Afghanistan, by the middle of October at the latest. And, indeed, given the fact that the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon occurred when they did, the US military was able to mobilize to begin its attack on Afghanistan by October 7. Some may say that this war was a war of necessity while others may say it was a war of choice.In conclusion, from Regan to Obama our country has seen its shares of disasters, economic failures and tragedies. Under both of these 2 term Presidents we have also seem growth and opportunity. Under Regan, the most famous and admired was the introduction Economic Recovery Act of 1981. The purpose of this act was to reduce the upshot of income tax on the individuals .The introduction of this Act was somewhat contentious as it gave rise to arguments in the congress. Under President Obama, we have health care reform, heavy(p) people the right to have affordable health care.Reference Pagehttp//www.historynet.com/american-historyRashid, Taliban 75-79www.history.com

Supporting Young Children through Family Loss

Beca utilise she was the primary caregiver hile you were at work, the baby may feel a bit precipitous or vulnerable. Possible slipway that an infant may respond to a family death. You may notice a bit of a change in the babys genius while she adjusts to the change, but maintaining consistency is going to help her immensely. We want her to feel safe and secure. Specific advice from experts on how to help an infant through with(predicate) a family loss. Because children of this old age do not understand the concept of death, you may not fill to get into much detail. The most crucial thing is going to be to incur sure that the baby keeps a constant routine.Keeping ner routine as normal as possible will help get back that feeling of organism safe and connected. Part II Supporting a Toddler Developmental information slightly what a toddler may feel, believe, or understand close to a family death. A lot like the baby, Toddler may not understand the concept of death but will undoub tedly experience a sense of loss from his life. He knows that grandma was a constant, daily fixture. Normally at this age, there is a large component of out of sight, out of reason however once Toddler realizes that there is a prolonged and consistent absence, he will experience grief.Also be aware that he ay be signal detection and picking up your feelings and reacting to them, or become irritable, this is quite normal. There are also some other signs of grief that Toddler might experience. Possible ways that a toddler may respond to a family death. Some toddlers do experience a shift in personality or are irritable. to the highest degree of the time this is temporary, however some personality changes may happen and this is part of the coping process. Sometimes a childs view of the world is altered by accidental injury and causes the changes to be permanent.You may also notice that there is a loss of appetite or he may even select only real types of food. He should work his wa y back to normal eating again. If it persists for more than a couple of weeks, see your doctor. Sleep might be affected, either not sleeping or being afraid of falling asleep alone. This problem should diminish over time. Specific advice from experts on how to help a toddler through a family loss. The best advice for helping Toddler is going to be to maintain his sleep, feeding and activities routine as much as possible.This will help him find out his sense of connection and balance. If you do notice a decrease in activity and see him Just lying limply be aware that this is a normal part of the process. Try to offer opportunities for activity and play every day until he responds. Be patient with him. You may also see him regressing to foregoing activities. Being patient is going to be crucial for him. Part Ill Supporting a Preschooler Developmental information about what a preschooler may feel, believe, or understand about a family death. Preschooler may experience a couple of t hings to be on the look-out for.Letting Preschooler know that she didnt do anything to cause grandmas death and that there is nothing that you can do to bring her back. Sometimes children develop something called magical thinking where they think hat they either caused the death, could have prevented it or that the person who will come back like a cartoon character. It is not uncommon for a child to continue to believe that the family genus Phallus is still alive. It is absolutely 0k for you and your family to show emotion around her. This is healthy for her to see. I know how hard this time is for you.Do not add on the extra excite of trying to hide your feelings around the children. Possible ways that a preschooler may respond to a family death. Using the proper term for death is charm for Preschooler, so that she can understand and begin get on the road to acceptance. Take cues about attending the funeral from Preschooler. She will let you know. If she is frightened of going, do not force her. Grief is often cyclical and Preschooler may show grief now, and as she enters into her teenage years, she may grieve again. That is perfectly normal when a child loses a loved one in their early years.Three specific ideas or activities the family can do at home to help a preschooler through a family loss. You can offer her an alternative way to remember her like a memorial in grandmas house, releasing balloons with messages or writing a letter. She will show you how she can best grieve right now. Let Preschooler talk as little or as much about grandma as possible, keep in mind that she may be non-verbally communicating her feelings about the death through play. Acknowledge her and let her communicate in the way that she knows how. References KidsAid. (n. d. ).Young children and grief. Retrieved February 13, 2009, from http// kidsaid. com/dougypage. html Hecker, B. (2005). Magical thinking Children may blame themselves for a parents illness and death. Retrieved from http// medicalcenter. osu. edu/viewer/Pages/index. aspx? p=413 The National Institute for Trauma and Loss in Children. (n. d. ). Infant and toddler grief. Retrieved February 13, 2009, from http//www. tlcinst. org/toddlergrief. html EDUC 1006 Application Assignment Evaluation Criteria Application Assignments are worth a maximum of 400 points for the entire course.Note For privacy purposes, you may not include the actual name of any student, parent, or professional referenced in the assignment. In this course there are five order Application Assignments. Each is worth a maximum of 80 points, which will be awarded as follows 64-80 points receipt demonstrates a full understanding and correct use of the concepts and/or strategies as presented in the Learning Resources. Response follows directions and includes all components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and properly cited.Writing demonstrates mastery of all criteria for high academic literacy sta ndards as indicated in Writing Across the course of study (see below). 41-63 points Response demonstrates a general understanding and correct use ot the concepts and/or strategies as presented in the Learning Resources. Response follows directions and includes most components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and properly cited. Writing demonstrates mastery of most riteria for high academic literacy standards as indicated in Writing Across the Curriculum (see below). 0 or fewer points Response demonstrates a minimal understanding and correct use of the concepts and/or strategies as presented in the Learning Resources. Response does not follow all directions and is missing components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are not included and properly cited. Writing is unclear and/or disorganized. Thoughts are not expressed in a logical manner. Few criteria for high below) are followed. Writing Across the Curriculum Walden Universi ty is committed to high academic literacy standards.To develop these skills in students, this course has a strong emphasis on written assignments which may include content review questions, application assignments, case study analyses, observations, and online interventions. All assignments are expected to fit the following standards 1 . Clear central idea carefully and coherently developed and with intended emphasis 2. Correct grammar no persistent mechanical errors 3. worthy appearance with evidence of having been carefully proofread 4. Academic integrity and honesty 5. Full documentation of research work 6. References cited using APA style (except in discussion postings)

Company Law Question Solution Essay

QUESTIONRamrajee Baboo is a young attorney with a get the hangs Degree in Corporate Law, specialising in ensure financing documentation. Ramrajee has been appointed to the Board of UDECOTT as it moves forward in a new curriculum based on project financing for its new proposed constructions. UDECOTT is a state enterprise and Ramrajee is paid a stipend of $3,000.00 per month. UDECOTT had previously engaged the services of a frequent commercial law practitioner, Buji Bamee, to provide legal advice at a cost of $50,000.00 per month. Unknown to Ramrajee, the Chairman of the Board in an informal meeting with the foreland Executive Officer of UDECOTT agreed to terminate the contract of the consultant and have Ramrajee vet the project financing documents in her capacity as a director.Ramrajee was never informed of this finis. Two weeks prior to a venire meeting, Ramrajee received board papers including certain project financing contracts for discussion at the next board meeting (sched uled to take place two weeks later). Ramrajee perused the papers cursorily and made certain brief notes. At the board meeting the documents were discussed and Ramrajee made certain general observations. The agreements were subsequently executed.It later transpired that the documents were not properly vetted and UDECOTT suffered a 10 million dollar loss. The agreements were not examined by any attorney other than Ramrajee. The government parson responsible for UDECOTT is quite annoyed and would like someone to be held liable. The Chairman said he relied on Ramrajee to vet the documents but Ramrajee has stated that her duty is that of a general review and would have needed detailed legal analysis beyond what is contemplated by her role as a director to uncover the deficiencies in the documents that occurred. Advise the Minister as to the conduct of Ramrajee.ANSWERISSUE Did Ramrajee exercise the level of skill required of her as director?LAW Directors behaviour in office is governed b y statutory and common law. Directors hold a fiduciary responsibility to the company for which they work which requires them to properly manage the assets of the company within the powers conferred on them.Under statute, according to section 60(b) of the Companies Act of Trinidad and Tobago, a director shall direct the management of the business and the affairs of the company. In effecting this management, he must do so in accordance with section 99(1) of the said Act which states that a director and officer of a company shall in exercising his powers and discharging his duties a) Act candidly and in swell faith with a view to the best interest of the company and b) Exercise the cathexis, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. These are all to be done in the best interest of the company. Where directors act in accordance with section 99, they whitethorn be indemnified against any liabilities incurred as a result of holdin g such a position pursuant to section 101.Under common law, the director owes a fiduciary duty to the company, as found in Pardy v Dobbin NFCA 11 (CanII), which exacts from directors a strict ethic to act honestly and in good faith in the corporations best interest.ANALYSIS As a director of the board, Ramrajee owed a very specific duty of economic aid towards the company. In particular, she was expected to exercise diligence and a level of skill that reflected her qualifications, as found in section 99(1)(b). While Ramrajee was unaware of the informal decision to terminate the consultant who was hired to perform general commercial law activities, the mere fact that Ramrajee was a member of the Board and had specialized skills in project financing documentation means that it would be expected that she use these skills. Moreover, the highly-paid consultant was a general practitioner and did not have this specialized skill.In addition, she was habituated two weeks to review the docum ents during which time she could have scrutinized them, but she did not. Her duties under statutory and common law required her to review the documents carefully. She did not exercise the level of care and skill required by her fiduciary position which was not in the best interest of the Company. As she breached section 99 of the Companies Act, as well as her common law fiduciary duties, she should be held liable and will not be indemnified by the company under section 101 for the loss sustained. recommendation Minister, she is in breach of her statutory and common law duties and should be held liable.

Fools and Love

In the play, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare draws the readers attention to the roles of Nick Bottom, and puck. Nick Bottom and hockey puck are twain addressed to be the fools in this play, although both characters fulfill this role in different ways. Bottom is a contemporary fool, who is over confident(p) and lacks common sense. musical composition Bottom is rattling(prenominal) confident in himself, especi on the wholey his acting ability, he is not a very intelligent character. pucks role in the play is more than of a traditional fool. Puck plays practical jokes and enjoys entertaining though mischief.Pucks service to the fairy king, Oberon, is similar to a sapheads role in a medieval society. Though the two fools of the play are very different, they offer several alleviateful observations about flavour and love. Bottom and Puck teach the listening expensive lessons about taking love too seriously, instead of enjoying it as it comes. The fools also offer insight on the consequences of being overly confident in superstarself.The first lesson that the fools offer is that love should not be interpreted too seriously, provided enjoyed just as it comes. Puck offers this insight in his quote, Lord, what fools these mortals be (Act 3, perspective 2, lineage 116). After attempting to answer Demetrius f every(prenominal) in love with Helena, Pucks plan self-destructs when he realizes that he has put the love potion on the wrong man. When Puck watches the reaction of the young lovers, he realizes how silly it is for them to all be chasing by and by love so desperately, rather than taking it as it comes and enjoying it. Nick Bottom offers this said(prenominal) lesson through his short relationship with titanic oxide, the fairy queen.Though Bottom is obviously not a stainless match for the beautiful Titania, he enjoys her affections while they last, never second-guessing that she could be in love with him. Though Titanias affections for Botto m are induced by a potion, Bottom throws himself into his newfound relationship with her, incognizant that Puck has transformed Bottoms head into that of a donkey. When Bottom awakes and Titanias affections for him tolerate ended, Bottom enjoys the memories as though a dream.The second lesson that Shakespeare impresses upon his audience is the effect of over-confidence on differents. Early in the play, Bottom gathers with the other actors to start planning their play. earlier than listen to Peter Quince, the stage manager, and evolve burster from him, Bottom wants to tell allone what to do. He tells Quince how to announce the parts and how to organize the actors. Then, Bottom wants to play every single part in the play, and brags about how wonderful his portrayal of each character would be.Shortly after this scene, Puck changes Bottoms head into that of a donkey, which is symbolic of Bottoms conceited behavior. Upon his entrance in the play, all of the other actors run away fr om Bottom and his grotesque base. Upon seeing Bottom, Quince yells, O monstrous O, weird We are haunted. Pray, masters Fly, masters Help (Act 3, blastoff 1, Line 99-100). Puck changed Bottoms appearance to match his personality by placing the head of the donkey on his shoulders.Puck, although obviously less power ravenous than Bottom, also shows that he has plenty of confidence in himself. Puck exhibits his over-confidence at several points in the play, blow about the tricks that he has played on others and enjoying laughing at their misfortune. The audience sees that Puck is also confident in his ability to serve Oberon, as well. When Oberon send Puck out to find Helena in the woods, Puck replies, I go, I go, look how I go, swifter than arrow from the Tartars bow (Act 3, Scene 2, Lines 100-101).By comparing his speed and accuracy to that of the Tartars, who were famous for their skill with a bow and arrow, Puck shows that he believes himself to be equally as accurate. This s hows the audience a very confident Puck, but the audience cannot help but realize that Pucks comparison of himself to the Tartars is an overexaggeration. Ironically, Puck is the reason that the mix-up with the love potion happened, so in effect, he is obviously not as accurate as he might homogeneous to think.The third lesson that is conveyed in the play is the basic concept that ignorance can be bliss. Nick Bottom is visualized as an overly self-assured and ignorant fellow. He is absorbed in all things of himself and does not take much affair in anything that does not directly affect him. After Puck turns his head into that of a donkey, his fellow actors run away from him in fear. Instead of wondering what happened to scare them off, Bottom brushes it off and doesnt think about it further.And again, when Bottom is awakening from his slumber in the forest after his short-lived dally with Titania, Bottom again shows his ignorance. Bottom remembers all of the things that had happe ned to him through the night, but he refuses to accept them as anything more than a dream. By brushing off these events as a mere fantasy, Bottom rejects reality and chooses to be ignorant of the events and remember them as nothing more than a dream. Puck is also ignorant of other people in the play. Pucks only concern is entertaining himself and Oberon, and he does not consider anyone else in his actions.Early in the play, Puck talks about the pranks that he has been known to play, telling the audience that, sometimes lurk I in a gossips bowl, in very coincidence of a roasted crab, and when she drinks, against her lips I bob and on her withered dewlap pour the ale. The wisest aunt, telling the saddest tale, sometimes for three-foot name mistaketh me then slip I from her bum, down topples she, and tailor cries, and falls into a cough (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 47-54). By turning himself into a crab and lurking in a bowl of ale to scare a woman, and making himself appear to be a stool so that when a woman sits on him, he can make her fall, Puck makes it obvious that he cares about nothing but entertaining himself and his king.Again, in Act Three, Puck shows his selfishness when he realizes that he has made a mistake with the young lovers in the woods and the love potion meant for Demetrius and Helena. When Puck tries to fix it, he realizes that now both men will fall in love with Helena. Rather than try to remedy the problem, Puck thinks it will be fun to watch. Puck shows his complete lack of interest in the young couples when he says, Then will two at once woo one that must needs be sport alone. And those things do best please me that befall preposterously (Act 3, Scene 2, Lines 118-121). Puck shows a disregard for the true feelings of the young lovers so long as it is entertaining to him.In conclusion, A Midsummer Nights Dream, contains two fools who are able to share insight into life and love throughout the play. Shakespeare strategically places Nick Bottom and Puck in the play as fools, but these fools have a purpose. Shakespeare uses Bottom and Puck to teach his audience valuable lessons about the importance of active in the moment of love, instead of taking love too seriously. Puck and Bottom also show the audience is that over-confidence is not an attractive quality in anyone.The fools also give new meaning to the quondam(a) adage, Ignorance is bliss, through their actions in this play. Shakespeare illustrates this through the self-serving actions of both Bottom and Puck throughout the play. By using Bottom and Puck to illustrate these lessons, Shakespeare allows the audience to see how ridiculous these two characters are, thus change the audience to laugh at them while still receiving his message.Works CitedShakespeare, William. A Midsummer Nights Dream. New York, NY trivial Books, 1980.

Danone and Wahaha Case

The main causes of conflict seem to derive from different attitudes towards key issues in the formation and operation of the joint venture, suggesting major differences in business culture and expectations as to how business should and is creation conducted. The first and main problem described in the case study revolves around the ownership anatomical structure and the control over the JV. It seems that the Chinese Wahaha expectations were that their 49% of the JV meant full control, as the other 51% were bristle half-half between Danone and Peregrine through the Singapore registered Jinjia.Danone later took over Peregrnes part essentially gaining the 51% of the JV and theoretically gaining effective control of the JV. This was not received well by the Chinese furnish and later by the Chinese public which interpreted the move as a takeover, resulting in a JV based on distrust and hostility between the partners. Another source of conflict was due(p) to the management structure a greed upon.Effective control of daily operations was handed to Zong and Wahaha, as the local China experts, while the only involvement Danone had was through the board of directors. It seemed Danone was attempting to empower the local partner and was not fully aware of the potential implications. This led to dissatisfaction on both sides, as Danone felt it knows very fiddling in actual JV operations while Zong was feeling that Danone has left him to do all the thorny work, only expecting to rip off the benefits of his efforts with little to no contribution.

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 7

There was a sort of universal gasp. Stefan went white, his matte lips showing in a tight line. clean felt as if she were choking on quarrel, on explanations, on recriminations ab come in Caroleans own behavior. Elena may fool had as many boyfriends as the stars in the sky, except in the end she had given altogether that up because she fell in love non that Caroline would hump anything nighthat .Dont pass on anything to say now? Caroline was taunting. Cant find any cute answer? cream off got your tongue? She began to laugh, simply it was forced, glassy laughter, and then words were spilling out of her almost as if uncontrollably, all words that werent supposed to be spoken in public. fair had tell most of them at one cartridge clip or another, buthere , andnow , they formed a stream of venomous power. Carolines words were building up to some large-hearted of crescendo something was going to happen this kind of force couldnt be contained Reverberations, mediocre thought as the travel waves began building up.Glass,her intuition told her.Get a management from glass.Stefan skillful had time to whirl to Meredith and shout,Get rid of the lamp.And Meredith, who was not only quick on the up learn but also a baseball pitcher with a 1.75 ERA, snatched it up and threw it at no, through an explosion as the porcelain lamp shattered the open window.There was a exchangeable shattering in the bath inhabit. The mirror had exploded behind the closed door.Then Caroline slapped Elena across the face.It go away a bloody smear, which Elena patted tentatively. It also left a white handprint, turning to red. Elenas expression was one to twine tears from a stone.And then Stefan did what Bonnie considered the most astonishing thing of all. He very piano put Elena knock off on the floor, kissed her up glowering face, and turned to Caroline.He put his pass on her shoulders, not shaking, only holding her still, forcing her to look at him.Caroline, he verba lise, stop it.Come bear. For the sake of your old friends who kick for you, fall out back. For the sake of the family that loves you, come back. For the sake of your own immortal soul,come back. Come back to usCaroline estimable eyed him belligerently.Stefan half turned aside, toward Meredith, grimacing. Im not really cut out to do this, he said wryly. Its not any vampires forte.Then he turned toward Elena, his voice tender. Love, can you garter? Can you help your old friend again?Already Elena was trying to help, trying to get to Stefan. She had pulled herself up very shakily, commencement ceremony by the rocking chair and then by Bonnie, who tried to help her under the burden of gravity. Elena was as trembling as a newborn giraffe in roller skates, and Bonnie almost half a head shorter was finding her hard to handle.Stefan made a motion as if to help, but Matt was already there, steadying Elena on the other side.Then Stefan had Caroline turned around, and he was holding h er, not permit her dart away, forcing her to face Elena fully.Elena, while being held at the waist so that her hands were free, made some curious motions, run intoming to draw designs more and more quickly in the air in face of Carolines face, at the same time clasping and unclasping her hands with the fingers in different positions. She seemed to know exactly what she was doing. Carolines eyes followed the movements of Elenas hands as if compelled, but it was clear from her snarling that she hated it.Magic, Bonnie thought, fascinated. White Magic. Shes calling on angels, just as surely as Caroline was calling demons. But is she strong enough to pull Caroline out of the darkness?And at last, as if to complete the ceremony, Elena leaned forward and kissed Caroline chastely on the lips.All perdition broke loose. Caroline somehow squirmed out of Stefans grip and tried to claw Elenas face with her nails. Objects in the room went sailing through the air, propelled by no human force. Matt tried to grab Carolines arm and got a punch in the stomach that doubled him over, followed by a chop to the back of the neck.Stefan let go of Caroline to scoop up Elena and get her and Bonnie out of harms way. He seemed to assume that Meredith could take c be of herself and he was right. Caroline swung at Meredith, but Meredith was ready. She grabbed Carolines fist and helped her in the direction of the swing. Caroline landed on the bed, twisted, and then rushed Meredith again, this time getting a grip on her hair. Meredith pulled free, leaving a tuft of hair in Carolines fingers. Then Meredith got under Carolines guard and hit her squarely on the jaw. Caroline collapsed.Bonnie cheered and refused to feel guilty about it. Then, for the first time, as Caroline lay still, Bonnie noticed that Carolines fingernails were all there again long, strong, curved, and perfect, not one of them chipped or broken.Elenas Power? It must be. What else could have done it? With just a few moti ons and a kiss, Elena had healed Carolines hand.Meredith was massaging her own hand. I never realized ithurt so a good deal to knock people out, she said. They never show it in movies. Is it the same for guys?Matt flushed. Iuh, Ive never genuinelyIts the same for everyone, compensate vampires, Stefan said briefly. Are you all right, Meredith? I mean, Elena could No, Im fine. And Bonnie and I have a job to do. She nodded at Bonnie, who nodded weakly back. Carolines our responsibility, and we should have realized why shereally had to come back this last time. She doesnt have a car. Ill bet she used that downstairs telephone and tried to get somebody to pick her up, but couldnt, and then she came upstairs again. So now we have to take her home. Stefan, Im sorry. It hasnt been much of a visit.Stefan looked grim. Its probably as much as Elena could take, anyway, he said. More than I thought she could take, honestly.Matt said, Well, Im the one with the car, and Caroline is my responsib ility, too, he said. I may not be a girl, but Im a human.Maybe we could come back tomorrow? Bonnie said.Yes, I suppose that would be best, Stefan said. I almost hate to let her go at all, he added, staring at the unconscious Caroline, his face shadowed. Im afraid for her. Very much afraid.Bonnie pounced on this. Why?I turn over well, it may be too early to say, but she seems to be almost possessed by something but I have no idea what. I think I have to do some serious investigate.And there it was again, the ice water dripping down Bonnies back. The feeling of how close the frigid ocean of fear was, ready to topple down on her and take her on a swift trip to the bottom.Stefan added, But whats certain is that she was behaving strangely even for Caroline. And I dont know whatyou heard when she was cursing, but I heard another voice behind it, prompting her. He turned to Bonnie. Did you?Bonnie was thinking back. Had there been something just a whisper and just a beat in the firs t place Carolines voice came? Less than a beat, and just the faintest of sibilant whispers?And what happened here may have made it worse. She called on Hell at a moment when this room was saturated with Power. And Fells Church itself is at the crossing of so many ley lines, it isnt funny. With all that going on well, I just wish we had a good parapsychologist around.Bonnie knew they were all thinking of Alaric.Ill try to get him to come, Meredith said. But usually hes off in Tibet or Timbuktu doing research these days. Itll take a while even to get a message to him.Thank you. Stefan looked relieved.Like I said, shes our responsibility, Meredith said quietly.Were sorry to have brought her, Bonnie said loudly, rather hoping that something inside Caroline could hear her.They said their good-byes separately to Elena, not sure of what might happen. But she simply smiled at each of them and touched their hands.By good luck or by the grace of something far beyond their understanding, Caro line woke up. She even seemed loosely rational, if a little fuzzy, when the car reached her driveway. Matt helped her out of the car and walked her to the door on his arm, where Carolines mother answered the doorbell. She was a mousy, timid, tired-looking woman who did not seem surprised to be receiving her daughter in this state on a late summer afternoon.Matt dropped the girls off at Bonnies house, where they spent a night in brainsick speculation. Bonnie fell asleep with the sound of Carolines curses echoing in her head.Dear Diary,Something is going to happen tonight.I cant talk or write, and I dont remember how to type on a keyboard very well, but I can send thoughts to Stefan and he can write them down. We dont have any secrets from each other.So this is my diary now. AndThis morning I woke up again. I woke up again It was still summer outside, and everything was green. The daffodils in the tend are all in bloom. And I had visitors. I didnt know exactly who they were, but t hree of them are strong, clear colors. I kissed them so I wont forget them again.The fourth one was different. I could only see a shattered color, laced with black. I had to use strong words of White Power to grip that one from bringing dark things into Stefans room.Im getting sleepy. I want to be with Stefan and feel him holding me. I love Stefan. I would give up anything to stay with him. He asks me, Even flying? Even flying, to be with him and keep him safe. Even anything, to keep him safe. Even my life.Now I want to go to him.Elena(And Stefan is sorry about writing in Elenas new diary, but he has to say some things, because someday maybe she testament want to read them, to remember. Ive written down her thoughts in sentences, but they dont come that way. They come as thought-fragments, I guess. Vampires are used to translating peoples everyday thoughts into coherent sentences, but Elenas thoughts need more translation than most. Usually she thinks in bright pictures, with a sc attered word or two.The fourth one that she talks about is Caroline Forbes. Elena has known Caroline almost since babyhood, I think. What bewilders me is that today Caroline attacked her in almost every way imaginable, and yet when I search Elenas mind I cant find any feelings of anger or even any pain. Its almost frightening to scan a mind akin that.The question Id really like to answer is What happened to Caroline during the short time she was kidnapped by Klaus and Tyler? And did she do what she did today of her own free volition? Does some remnant of Klauss hatred still linger like miasma, tainting the air? Or do we have another enemy in Fells Church?And most importantly, what do we do about it?Stefan, who is being pulled from the compu.

Effect Of Forced Swim Stress Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction Stress is an of import factor in of depression that causes the alterations in assorted organic complex body part systems. The squeeze go discharge is a normally utilise stressor attempt where rats ar obligate to swim in specially constructed sleeveored combat vehicles for a peculiar utmost where there is behavioural activation characterized by vigorous fluent and diving to seek for alternate paths of flight. tool wellness including homo has been shown to be affected by the nerve-racking events of life bring oning state of affairs which alters knowledge, larning computer memory and emotional replys, doing mental upsets like depression and anxiousness and focus in rats.Methods The experiment was carried forth with 12 healthy albino Wistar female rats weighing ab come in 150-180gms. The sentient beings were indiscriminately divided into two groups of six rectify beings each. Group I ( control ) , Group II ( Stressed Group ) . Group -II rats are placed in fictile armored combat vehicles for 45minutes ( among 9.00 AM 11.00AM for15 yearss / L-100cm, W-40cm, D-60cm ) deepness of piss in the armored combat vehicle is -30cm. Temperature of H2O was maintained at 20EsC. During stress stage, the thrill beings will be trained for forced swim trial, behavioural alterations observed by open(a) field apparatus for emotions, and 8 arm labyrinth for memory & A propensity, elevated irrefutable labyrinth for anxiousness.Consequences coerce swim accent mark causes to a important alteration ( P & lt 0.05 ) on cognitive maps motive, larning and memory. Forced swim emphasis is the factor damaging the hippocampus causes repeated immobilisation and bring forth wasting of dendrites of pyramidic nerve cells and neuroendocrinological perturbations, controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis vertebra ( HPA ) . Repeated emphasis in the signifier of forced fluid activates the free extremist procedures taking to an access in lipid per oxidation in many tissues.Decision This survey reveals the consequence of repeated forced swim emphasis causes broad scope of adaptative alterations in the cardinal nervous system including the rebel of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) metamorphosis and an increased susceptibleness to affectional upsets. The earlier checkings have reported that chronic and bully emphasis processs weaken working memory maps in rats. There are really few surveies on bomber ague forced swim emphasis on working memory position of the alert being. The survey was undertaken to measure the assorted behavioural alterations by using sub ague forced swim. central Wordss Forced swim emphasis, knowledge, behavioural alterations and undefendable field frame-up.IntroductionNerve-racking state of affairss induce physiological and behavioural alterations in an being to keep the homeostasis. Exposure to nerve-racking state of affairss is among the most common human experiences. In response to stressors, a series of behavioural, neurochemical, and immunological alterations occur that ought to function in an adaptative capacity 1 . Swiming in little research lab fix beings has been widely used for analyzing the physiological alterations and the capacity of the being in response to emphasizing 2 . Swimming is non ever a simple exercising emphasis, because emotional factors are hard to be eliminated 3 . The forced swimming emphasis developed by Porsolt et Al. ( 1977 ) has now bend widely recognized theoretical account for analyzing physical emphasis in animate beings. Water temperature is other of import factor in forced swimming trial. By changing the H2O temperature, Richter ( 1957 ) found that rats could wear every bit long as 80 hours in tepid H2O ( 36A C ) . change magnitude or diminishing the H2O temperature supra or below this point influences the overall behaviour of the animate being and changes the engagement of glucocorticoids 4 . The transition of O during normal metamorp hosis to the by-products, H peroxide, Super oxide and hydroxyl extremist occurs by consecutive negatron add-ons to oxygen 5 . Toxic free groups have been implicate as of import pathological factors in cardiovascular diseases, pneumonic upsets, autoimmune diseases, malignant neoplastic disease, metabolous upsets, and aging 6 . However, swimming has in any event been used to arouse emphasis responses in rats 7 . This emphasis is normally elicited by an ague forced swim session of in the midst of a few proceedingss to half an hr 8 . Psychological emphasis ( e.g. pes daze, forced swim trial ) raises degrees of corticosterone in the rat 9 . Which in bend leads to physiological alterations that include increased myocardial infarct size 10 Increased memory loss and knowledge 11, 12 . Therefore we set out to find whether forced swim preparation had an consequence on corticosterone degrees or elicited a alteration in behaviour of rats in the receptive field.Materials and Me thods Animal theoretical account Adult female Wistar rats weighing between 150-250 g were divided into two groups as Control ( n =12 ) and Stress ( n =12 ) . All the rats were given standard rat Zhou and tap H2O adlibitum and were housed at 25 A 2 o C on a 12-hour dark/light rhythm. All the experimental processs were approved by the IAEC ( Institutional Animal Ethics Committee ) adequate steps were taken to minimise pain in the neck or uncomfortableness.Stress processs Rats were exposed to forced swimming stress day-to-day for continuance of 45 proceedingss between 09.00AM to11.00AM until 21 yearss. They were forced to swim in fictile armored combat vehicles ( length 100cm, width 40 centimeter, depth 60 centimeter ) incorporating tap H2O maintained at a temperature of 20A C. The deepness of H2O in the armored combat vehicle was 30 centimeter. A upper limit of two rats were allowed to swim together during emphasis session. The control rats were housed under the same conditions and they were handled every bit frequently the stressed group.Behavioral surveies Open-field frame-up ( OFT )The unfastened field trial is a common step of exploratory behaviour both(prenominal) qualitatively and quantitatively. Each rat was placed in the unfastened field for 5 proceedingss to prove for differences in anxious-like behavior and activity. This was done 24 hours after the last turn of swimming exercising. The unfastened field trial is designed to mensurate behavioral responses such as locomotor activity, hyperactivity, and explorative behavior. The unfastened field is besides used as a step of anxiousness. Rats tend to avoid brilliantly illuminated, fresh, unfastened infinites. The setup for the unfastened field trial is a square enclosure ( 1 m by 1 m ) made of black Perspex. To analyse exploratory and locomotor activities as an indicant of emphasis in the rat, animate beings were placed in the left rear quarter-circle of an unfastened field. The designing of line cross ings and the entire surmount covered by the rat were measured over 5 proceedingss. These are classical steps of locomotor and explorative activities. The more garnish the rat spends in the interior zone of the unfastened field, and the more explorative the rat is, the less stressed it is perceived to be.Procedure Each rat was placed separately in a corner of the field and its behavior recorded for 5 proceedingss. All activity was recorded utilizing a picture camera mounted above the unfastened field and scored subsequently by an advanced motion-recognition pile bundle ( Noldus Ethovision version 3.1 package ) that detects and analyzes the motions of the rat. The video image of the unfastened field sphere was partitioned into 36 equal-size squares 24 boundary line squares and 12 Centre zone squares. Entire distance, mean velocity, and clip spent in assorted parts of the field ( e.g. the boundary line countries vs. the unfastened, in-between country ) were measured and analyzed. Te sting was carried out in a temperature, noise and visible radiation controlled way of life. During the trial process silence was maintained in the trial room. The behavioral trials were performed from 1-130 pm day-to-day to guarantee thatnormal day-to-day fluctuations in corticosterone, circadian beat and activity did non impact the consequences. The rats were placed in a coop in the testing room an hr before the trial in order for them to acclimatise to the new environment. The unfastened field was cleaned with 70 % ethyl alcohol after each rat had been tested. Each rat was tested separately and in a separate trial room. Throughout the full testing-session, the sequence of events and processs was ever the same and the trial fortunes ( managing, room-features, equipment used ) were as standardised and controlled as possible. The full trial process lasted approx. 20 proceedingss per animate being, and was recorded on videotape to allow analysis at a ulterior clip.Elevated plus-maze setup ( EPM ) Elevated plus-maze is the simplest setup to analyze anxiolytic response of about all type of anti anxiousness agents. Exposure of the animate beings to novel maze back street evokes an attack turning away struggle which is stronger in unfastened arm as compared to cover arm. Rodents ( rats and mice ) have antipathy for high and unfastened infinite and prefer enclosed arm and, hence, spend greater sum of clip in enclosed arm. When animate beings enter unfastened arm, they freeze, become immobile, defecate and demo fear-like motions. The plasma hydrocortisone degree is besides reported to be increased, as a true contemplation of anxiousness ( Kulkarni et al. , 2009 ) . The elevated plus-maze was somewhat modified from that used by lister plow ( Lister et al. , 1987 ) . Briefly, it consisted of two unfastened weaponries ( 30 cmA-5cmA-0.25 centimeter ) and two enclosed weaponries ( 30 cmA- 5cmA- 15 centimeter ) , widening from a cardinal platform ( 5 cmA- 5 centimeter ) and raised 50 centimeters above floor degree. The maze floor was constructed from black Plexiglas and the walls from clear Plexiglas. The conventional spatial-temporal steps recorded were the figure of entries ( all four paws on unfastened or enclosed weaponries and expressed as per centum of entire entries ) , the clip spent on unfastened weaponries ( expressed as per centum of clip spent on closed plus unfastened weaponries ) , figure of entries on enclosed weaponries and the clip on the cardinal platform. Ethologically derived steps were preparing, rise uping, as an emotionally related parametric quantity. A selective addition in the parametric quantities of geographic military expedition of the unfastened weaponries of the labyrinth reveals an anxiolytic consequence ( Rodgers et al. , 1992 Pellow et al. , 1985 ) .ConsequencesTable 1 Open field setupParametersMEANASDP VALVUEControl instruct GroupPeripheral ambulation74.5A15.992A117& lt 0.05*Cardinal ambulation13.8A3.64.33A1. 86& lt 0.001**Rearing44.17A10.524.5A7.61& lt 0.005**Preparing31.5A5.5840A9.05& lt 0.005**Immobilization28.6A5.8240.6A5.2& lt 0.004**Defecation0.83A0.411.83A0.98& lt 0.05*Micturition0.50A0.552.17A1.47& lt 0.03***substantial ** extremely importantFig-1 Consequence of emphasis on assorted Behavioral Parameters in unfastened filed setupTable 2 Elevated plus maizeParameterMEANASDP valueControlStudy GroupTime spent in unfastened arm38.3A5.7231.5A3.89& lt 0.03** digit of Open arm entries1.67A0.520.83A0.75& lt 0.05*Number of Closed arm entries2.67A1.031.5A0.84& lt 0.05*Fig 2 Consequence of emphasis on assorted Behavioral Parameters in Elevated plus maizeDiscussionForced swimming has been used to arouse stress response in rats 13 . Psychological emphasis like pes daze, forced swim trial raises degrees of corticosterone in the rats 14 . Corticosterone- let go ofing endocrine is normally released during emphasis and might be a factor that suppressed solid food appetency in the for ced swimming emphasis. The importance of our survey is apparent that the nerve cells in the brain are exposed to pulsatile form of free corticosterone 15 . The forced swim trial is used as a theoretical account of stress depression in neurological surveies 16 . In emphasis linked neuropsychiatric upsets like recurrent depressive unwellness, there is grounds of structural alterations in the hippocampus, a encephalon part extensively studied with respect to emphasize 17 . The present informations taper that forced swimming emphasis a period of 21 yearss, 6 hr lessen the whole organic structure weight and nutrient consumption and increased weights of liver, kidney and adrenal secretory organs and explorative behavior. This experiment indicate that 21 yearss of day-to-day emphasis is associated with impaired acquisition and public presentation of a spacial memory undertaking, the behavioral theoretical accounts send word that the hippocampal wasting nowadays after the emphasi s 18 . The present findings suggest a possible function for endoge-nous opiates in behavioural rousing 19 . Immobility clip in the emphasis group was 6 hours/ twenty-four hours for 21 yearss significantly reduced the stationariness clip. These consequences indicate that the swimming emphasis caused a down province in the stressed group. Refering neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus part, 5- HIAA/5-HT ratio significantly decreased in the stressed group due to increased 5-HT degrees and decreased 5-HIAA degrees compared to the rats without FST, proposing that the lessening of the ratio perchance reflects the decrement of 5-HT metabolic activity due to swimming emphasis. These phenomena may be included in cardinal mechanisms of the cultivation of depression. Forced swim emphasis causes to a important alteration ( P & lt 0.05 ) on cognitive maps Forced swim emphasis causes Peripheral Ambulation P & lt 0.05, Central Ambulation P & lt 0.001, Rearing P & lt 0.005, Grooming P & l t 0.005, repeated Immobilization P & lt 0.004, Defecation P & lt 0.05, Urination P & lt 0.03, Time spent in unfastened arm P & lt 0.03, No. of unfastened arm entries P & lt 0.05 and No. of closed arm entries P & lt 0.05 and factor damaging the hippocampus causes produce wasting of dendrites of pyramidic nerve cells and neuro endocrinological perturbations, controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis ( HPA ) . Repeated emphasis in the signifier of forced swimming activates the free extremist procedures taking to an addition in lipid peroxidation in many tissues 20 .Decision This survey reveals the consequence of repeated forced swim emphasis causes broad scope of adaptative alterations in the cardinal nervous system including the snitch of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) metamorphosis and an increased susceptibleness to affectional upsets. The earlier findings have reported that chronic and astute emphasis processs weaken working memory maps in rats. There are really few surveies on bomber ague forced swim emphasis on working memory position of the animate being. The survey was undertaken to measure the assorted behavioural alterations by using sub ague forced swim.

Pleurotus spp

The fungus kingdom argon a group of eukaryotic organisms. Due to their microscopic cellular dimensions, they are of great interest to microbiologists. Multicellular fungus kingdom is familiar to each and every unity of us. The velvety blue and green harvest-home on bunkum oranges and lemons as well as on stale cheeses, the whitish grey furry outgrowth on bread and Jam, and the mush elbow room-shaped clouds in the field. These are the bodies of a variety of fungi. Fungi are heterotrophic organismsThey need inherent compounds for nutrition.The classification of fungi, unlike that of bacteria, is bagfuld primarily on the hracterstics of the sexual spores and fruit bodies, show during the sexual stages of their disembodied spirit cycle. However, the sexual spores and fruiting bodies are elevated that under certain(p) environmental conditions, if they are known to produce them at all. genus genus genus genus Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the mos t(prenominal) fullly eaten mushrooms. Species of pleurotus may be called oyesters, abalone or tree mushrooms and are some of the most unremarkably well-mannered edible mushrooms in the world.They assimi new-fangled been very much useful in mycoremediation of pollutants such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic ydrocarbons. The put forward pleurotus has been derived from the greek word pleure (side) + otos (ear) which means Side Ear. The following are the details of Pleurotus Genus scientific classification l. The kingdom of pleurotus is Fungi, II. Phylum is basidiomycota, Ill. class is Agaricomycetes V. Order is agaricales V. Family is pleurotaceae The basic structure of gather mushroom includes a capwhich may be laterally attached (with no stem).If on that point is a stem, it is unremarkably eccentric and the gills are extended downward along it. The term pleurotoid is used for mushrooms having this eneral force. There are certain cylindrical spores which are smooth and el ongated. Where hyphae meet, they are Joined by clamp connections. Pleurotus is non considered to be a bracket fungus and most of the species are monomitic (with a soft consistency). Pleurotus Ostreatus Specifications Scientific squall Pleurotus ostreatus Oacq. ) P. Kumm. Derivation of name Ostre- means garner and atus means resembling. Synonyms Agaricus ostreatus Jacq.Common name(s) Oyster mushroom. Phylum Basidiomycota Order order Agaricales Family Pleurotaceae Occurrence on wood substratum Saprobic or parasitic olitary to more typically in overlapping clusters on living or dead deciduous trees, on rotting logs and stumps, some times on conifers April all the way through November, year-round during mild periods. Dimensions Caps 5-20 or more cm wide stipes 0. 5-4 cm long and 0. 5- 3. 5 cm thick. Stripes may be absent. Cap Moist or alter smooth variable in color whitish to cream, greyish to brown, some with lilac tones huitre shell- regulate to fan-shaped or semicircular.Gills Decurrent or glowing from point of attachment broad whitish, yellowish in age. Spore print clean to pale lilac-gray. Stipe Sometimes absent or rudimentary. If present, lateral to eccentric or in time central if fruitbodies are on top of a log or stump whitish hairy at base. entomb Absent. Edibility Edible, rated as choice. The oyster and abalone mushrooms belong to the genus pleurotus. They sport a high saprophyte colonizing expertness and earth-closet grow on virtually any agricultural waste. They rank among the top six mushrooms produced in the world.It should be noted that the availability of a good strain of mushrooms, suitable substrate for purification and crack of saprophytic and parasitic microorganisms are the three most important spects for mushroom cultivation. The world fruit for this genus was 169,000 rafts in 1986. The consumption and proceeds of edible mushrooms in developing countries have occurred for many years. There has been a high upsurge of interest in cultivation of this mushroom in the last decade. Because of their spicy expression and their medical effects in dropping plasma cholesterol, mushrooms are widely consumed in Europe, the U.S. A and Japan. umteen of the fleshy sporocarp species of the many acomycetes and basidiomycetes can safely be eaten while only a a few(prenominal) poisonous species of the fleshy fungi can be found . However more than one thousand mushrooms are known, about one hundred mushrooms are edible and only a few are considered of a commercial value. Pleurotus ostreatus is relatively easy to grow. A few trials to produce the mycelium of oyster mushrooms in Egypt using some agro industrial wastes were only recently carried out. The goal of this work was to study the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp. emphasizing the effect of different media and entire substrates on production. Mushrooms of Pleurotus spp. are commonly known as oyster mushrooms which occupy the second osition among cultiv ated edible mushrooms worldwide out-of-pocket to their nutritionary values. They are widely cultivated all over the world. Its production is remarkably affected by the environmental conditions like temperature and relative humidity. In this study, we investigated the production of four species of oyster mushroom 1 . ) Pleurotus ostreatus 2. ) P. florida 3. ) P. aJor-caJu and 4. ) p. extravagantly king Cultivated in every season( January to December) in Bangladesh. The temperature (in C) and relative humidity (%RH) ot culture house in each month, and parameters ot ushroom production were recorded. In all of the selective study of this species, the minimum sidereal days required for primaeval initiation, and the utmost number of fruiting bodies, biological yield and biological efficiency were found during December to February (14-27 oc, 70-80% RH). The production was found minimum during the cultivated time August to October.We suggested cultivation of selected Pleurotus spp. in winter (temperature zone 14-27 oc with relative humidity for better production and biological efficiency. The environmental factor is very important for the production of oyster mushrooms. Various mushrooms are known to be very sensitive to the climatic conditions. The major environmental factors like temperature, humidity, fresh air and compact materials affect in mushroom production. Pleurotus spp. grows in wide range of temperature (15-30 oc) which also varies from species to species.Oyster mushrooms Pleurotus spp. draw their nutritional requirement from a host substrate or from the agricultural wastes rich in lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses used for their cultivation. Due to varying nutrients in the substrates, different mushroom yields have been recorded by various workers. Oyster mushrooms are grown from mycelium (threadlike filaments that become interwoven) propagated on a base of steam-sterilized cereal grain ( commonly rye or millet). This cereal grain/mycelium mixtur e is called engender and is used to microbe mush-room substrate.Most make is made with mycelium from a stored culture, rather than mycelium whose parent was a spore. This is because spores are likely to yield a new strain and per regulateance would be unpredictable. Spawn-making is a rather complex task and not practicable for the ordinary mushroom grower. Spawn of various oyster mushroom species may be urchased from com-mercial spawn makers who usually provide instructions for its use. Spawn frequently is shipped from the manufacturer to growers in the same aseptic containers used for spawn production.Inoculum for spawn production is frequently produced in polyethylene bags containing a micro porous breather shimmy for gas exchange. Most commercial spawn production companies produce spawn only from inoculums that has met strict tincture control standards. These standards include verification of inoculums production performance before it is used to produce spawn and presumpti on of the spawns biological purity and vigour So ariable in size, shape and colour are the many kinds of oyster mushroom that confident recognition of some species is tricky without resorting to microscopic analysis.The process is not helped by the fruiting habit of many Pleurotusspecies that seem to delight in emerging beyond reach, sometimes high up in the crowns of trees. For the most part the various oyster mushrooms are saprophytic on deciduous trees, and only very rarely are they found on conifers. Distribution Pleurotus ostreatus, the Oyster Mushroom, occurs throughout Britain and Ireland as well as in most parts of mainland Europe. It is also widely distributed throughout much of Asia, including Japan, and is present in parts of North America.Several similar species within the Pleurotus genus are often confused, and so distribution data for individual species in this complex group are inevitably subject to some uncertainty. systematic history The Oyster Mushroom was first described scientifically in 1775 by Dutch natural scientist Nikolaus Joseph Freinerr von Jacquin 7) and named Agaricus ostreatus. (In the early days of fungus taxonomy most of the gilled mushrooms were incorporated in the genus Agaricus. ) In 1871 German mycologist capital of Minnesota Kummer transferred theOyster Mushroom to the genus Pleurotus (a new genus that Kummer himself had defined in 1971), giving it its currently accepted scientific name. Synonyms of Pleurotus ostreatus includeAgaricus ostreatus Jacq. , Crepidopus ostreatusoacq. ) Gray, and Pleurotus columbinus Quel. The blue-grey-capped form of this mushroom is referred to by some authorities as Pleurotus ostreatus var. columbinus (Quel) Quel. Etymology The generic name Pleurotus is Latin for side ear and refers to the lateral attachment of the stemostreatus is a reference to oysters, and in shape the fruitbodies often do esemble oyster shells.The specimens shown on this page show Just how changeable Oyster Mushrooms can be not only in colour and form but also in their evolution habitat. From the top on a dead Beech trunk next on a stand up live (but surely dying) Cabbage Palm and at last on a dead branch broken fallen from an old Ash tree. Importance of nitrogen sources for the growth of pleurotus spp. - i) Nitrogen is an essential element for cellular functions, for growth and various metabolic activities, particularly protein and enzyme synthesis. i) The nitrogen content of mycelium ranges between 3-6%. i) cereal straw used for cultivation of oyster mushroom is a poor source of nitrogen (0. 5 to 0. 8%) and at the time of fructification when most of the nitrogen is utilized for mycelia growth, the depleted nitrogen in the substrate becomes inadequate and limits mushroom yield. v) In the present studies seven dissimilar nitrogen sources wheat bran, strain bran, soybean bean floor, de-oiled soya bean meal, mustard ginmill, cotton plant wool fiber seed cover and cotton seed meal were eva luated for their effect on mushroom yield. v) Cotton seed barroom and de-oiled soya bean meal gave importantly higher(prenominal)(prenominal) yield than unsupplemented bags.Review of literature The oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp is a saprophytic fungus commercially cultivated throughout the world because of its tasty basidiocarp and simple cultivation technology. It is also one of the choicest white rot fungi for research scientists to investigate. Pleurotus spps lignocellulolytic enzymes for bioremediation (Arisoy and Kalan Kayan 1997, Walter et. al. 1997), its flavour compounds, (Mau et. al. 1998), its synthesis of diterpene and polysaccharide (Gutirrez et. al. 1996) and its natural pigment extraction (Shirata and Kato 1998) make it a promising subject for study.Oyster mushrooms are mainly cultivated on residues from agricultural crops such as wheat, paddy, cotton, bread cane or soybean (Sohi and Upadhyay 1989, Savalgi and Savalgi 1994). Pleurotus spp also have the potential to mineralize and grow on industrial wastes such as tea (Upadhyay et. al. 1996), apple pomace (Upadhyay and Sohi 1988) or non-conventional substrates containing lignin, cellulose or hemicellulose such as dried genus Populus leaves. (Upadhyay and Verma 2000). These residues are low (0. 5 to 0. 8%) in nitrogen content. Several workers have reported varying fresh oyster mushroom yields using crop residues (Sohi and Upadhyay 1987,Madan et. al. 1987). The variations may be due to the nutrient situation of the substrate used for cultivation. The production of oyster mushrooms after the first flush is drastically reduced and there is a tlusn break ot 10 to 20 days depending upon the species of oyster mushroom. The yield turn down could be due to either depletion of nutrients or accumulation of toxic substances unfavourable to fruiting. In Agaricus bisporus, change magnitude yields have been reported by supplementing with various proteins, carbohydrate or oil rich supplements like soybean me al, cotton seed meal, alfalfa meal or corn gluten meal.Sinder and Schisler 1962, Gerrits 1983). In the present studies seven different organic nitrogenous materials were evaluated to find out their effect on yield. The best substrates were further evaluated for their optimal dose with supreme yield. Materials and Methods Prewetted chopped wheat straw (2-3cm) was mixed with calcium sulphate (4% w/w) and carbendazim 50% w. p. (1 5g/quintal) and a immaterial pile prepared. It was given two turnings on alternate days for four days so that the temperature did not exceed more than 600C during fermentation.After four days, the partially fermented traw was pasteurized in a tunnel at 700C for 6h and afterward conditioned at 450C for 36h. Supplements (wheat bran, rice bran, cotton seed meal, cotton seed cake, soybean meal, de-oiled soybean cake and mustard cake) were separately treated in a answer of carbendazim (100ppm) for 16h. The rate of adding up of all the supplements was 5% ( modify wt. ) except wheat and rice bran (10%). Treated supplements were thoroughly mixed at the time of spawning with pasteurized straw. Twenty-day-old spawn of P. ostratuas var florida was added at a 3% wet wt.Five kg spawned substrate was filled into 45x30cm polyethelene bags with 10 holes (5mm ia. ). separately supplement had six replications. Spawned bags were incubated in a dark cropping room (temp. 13-18C). Colonized bags were opened after 25 days. A relative humidity of 70-75% was maintained by crop-dusting water twice a day 6-8h light was provided with fluorescent tubes and carbon dioxide concentration was maintained at 700-780 ppm in the cropping room. Mushrooms were harvested daily before spraying and data were recorded. biological efficiency (BE) was planned on the basis of fresh mushrooms from 100 kg change out substrate weight.In the second experiment, cotton seed cake and de-oiled soybean cake were further evaluated r their potent optimum dose. The supplements were trea ted as before, at a rate of 1, 2. 5, 5, 7. 5 and 10% substrate dry weight. Table 1. Effect of organic supplements to wheat straw on fresh mushroom yield of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida in 60 days. S. No. Substrate + Supplements Average Yield (kg) per kg substrate Biological efficiency (BE) (%) Percent increase (+) or decrease (-) from control drinking straw straw + wheat bran (10%) 0. 860 86. 0 +20. 6 Wheat straw + rice bran (10%) 0. 838 83. 8 +17. 5 3.Wheat straw + cotton seed cake (5%) 0. 946 94. 6 -12. 2 4. Wheat straw + cotton seed meal (5%) 0. 46 64. 6 5. Wheat straw + soybean meal (5%) 0. 732 73. 2 2. 6 6. Wheat straw + de-oiled soybean cake (5%) 0. 928 92. 8 +30. 1 7. Wheat straw + mustard cake (5%) 0. 532 53. 2 -25. 3 8. Wheat straw (control) 0. 713 71 . 3 CD at 0. 21 1 Table 2. Effect of different doses of de-oiled soybean cake on fresh mushroom yield and dry matter of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida. S. NO. lay out of accessory (Dry wt. ) % increase over control % dr y matter content in 1st and second tlusnes Wheat straw 1% soybean 92. +21 9. 85 10. 04 2. 2. 5% soybean 84. 8 +11. 57 9. 45 10. 0 5% soybean 84. 5 +11. 18 10. 29 10. 25 7. % soybean 87. 8 +1 5. 52 8. 8 9. 75 10. 0% soybean 83. 2 +8. 15 9. 3 10. 55 76. 0 6. 9 The dry matter content of mushrooms harvested from both(prenominal) the supplements at different doses are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. Soybean supplementation generally yielded heavier mushrooms in the first flush than cotton seed cake supplementation. Maximum dry matter content was recorded from bags supplemented with 5% de-oiled soybean cake and further increase in supplementation did not yield heavier mushrooms.In cotton seed cake, the heaviest mushroom truit bodies were discovered with 0% dose in the first tlusn, while in the econd flush, the lowest rate of application gave the heaviest mushrooms. The dry matter content in the second flush was generally more than the first flush for both the supplements. Interestingly th e spore print colour of the mushrooms from 10% soybean was a creamy yellow. The nutritional analysis of mushrooms produce from different supplements is under investigation. The addition of cotton seed cake gave the maximum yield increase (+47. 7%) while soybean cake gave heavier mushroom fruit bodies than cotton seed cake.The use of supplementation increase the substrate temperature (Figurel and Figure 2) from the fourth day onwards to the ixteenth day. Bags with de-oiled soybean cakes showed a rise in temperature from 3 to 90C over room temperature and 3 to 50C over unsupplemented bag temperature. Cotton seed cake addition showed little temperature rise compared with similar doses of soybean cake. The utmost rise in temperature was between the fourth day and the ordinal day. Table-3 Effect of different doses of cotton seed cake on fresh mushroom yield and dry matter of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida.Substrate used Biological Efficiency (%) % Dry matter content in 1st and 2nd fl ush Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 1% 90. 4 +18. 94 7. 3 10. 5 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 2. 5% 100. 3 +31 . 97 8. 1 9. 82 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 5. 0% 112. 0 +47. 36 7. 8 9. 49 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 7. 5% 105. 3 8. 0 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 10% 112. 3 +47. 7 9. 01 9. 0 9. 28 CDat5% DISCUSSION Although commercial cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp started very late compared to Agericus bisporus (1650 A. D. ), Lentinula edodes (1100 A. D. and Auricularia spp (600 A. D. ), it occupies the third place in the world among the cultivated mushrooms. Successful cultivation of oyster mushroom using cereal straw was reported in 1962 by Bano and Srivastava from India. Still, it is not widely cultivated due to inconsistent yields. The fresh mushroom yield or biological efficiency of a species is directly associate to strain, substrate nutrition and growth conditions. Sustainable oyster mushroom production can be achieved by employing cultural practices whi ch optimize and integrate nutrient management.Agricultural residues used for oyster mushroom farming provide most of the nutrients and vitamins for growth. Carbon is readily available from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from straw, but nitrogen occurs mostly in a bound form and is not available until it is enzymatically released. Various workers have also reported that Pleurotus spp have the capability to fixity atmospheric nitrogen (Rangaswamy et. al. 1975, Jandaik and Rangad 1977) but this has not been proved conclusively. In the cultivation of A. isporus the addition of protein rich supplements is a common practice, which indicates that either the compost is deficient in nitrogen or the bacterial proteins present in the compost are inadequate.Rinker (1989) found 37 and 42. 6% more total yield in P. ostreatus from supplementation with barley straw with brewers grain and 17, 27, 65 and 118% more yield by addition of alfalfa hay at 5, 10, 20 and 40% (dry wt. basis). He also fo und that supplementation prior to pasteurization increased the total yield, but mushroom size was negatively affected with increased supplementation. In our studies we have not found any significant effect on mushroom size. Influence of supplementation is also species and strain-specific.Somycel 3200 reacted peaked(predicate) to alfalfa meal and negatively to chicken manure, and Somycel 3001 reacted positively to rice bran and alfalfa meal at the time of filling (Visscher 1989). Upadhyay and Vijay (1989) also observed cotton seed meal as better supplement for P. fossulatus and rice bran for P. ostreatus. Supplementation is absolutely necessary for getting fructification is some strains of P. eryngii (Royse 1999, Upadhyay and Vijay 1991). With supplementation came a rise in substrate temperature, possibly due to faster metabolic activities riggered by extra nitrogen.Royse and Schisler (1986) also observed overheating (from 300C to 470C) in bags where Spawnmate was applied without be nomyl treatment, and proposed that it could be due to the growth of competitor moulds. GurJar and Doshi (1995) did not find any effect on yield of P. cornucopiae with 5 and 7. 5% addition of soybean meal in wheat straw and fake this could be due to a rise in temperature. We identified increases in the temperature of beds from 5 to 90C over room temperature. Therefore, supplements should be cautiously used, because excessive bed temperature (more than 350C) may kill the mycelium.OverstiJns (1995) observed an increase of 19% in mushrooms with the addition of only 0. 5% corn steep liquor and recorded a rise in temperature from 0. 3, 1. 4 and 2. 30C with the addition of only 0. 5, 1 and 2% corn steep liquor. Higher supplement doses gave even higher temperatures, which were harmful and attracted growth of Coprinus sp (Guna segaran and Graham 1987). In A. bisporus, the addition of formaldehyde-pretreated 1 and 2% cotton seed meal and soybean meal at the time of casing produced 20 and 30% higher yields respectively, but higher doses of supplement attracted a lot of contamination (Gupta and Vijay 1992).Supplementation has also been found to facilitate higher mushroom yield in other mushrooms such as Agrocybe aegerita and L. edodes (Zadrazil 1994, Jong 1989). Higher supplementation (3 to 4% w/w) of NPK in rice husk, melon husk and coconut fruit fibers did not give either mycelium growth or basidiocarp from the tubers of P. tuberregium (Isikhuemhen and Okhuoya 1998). Supplementation with de-oiled soybean and cotton seed cake not only gave higher biological efficiency but the fruit bodies were significantly heavier than in unsupplemented bags.